What are the issues facing the WTO in 2006 Essay

What are the issues facing the WTO in 2006 - Essay Example change liberalization aimed at the economic development of uglyer countries through export growth hangs in the balance, with the United States and European Union poised as spoilers.These are the main issues facing the WTO in 2006. This has arguably been the most hypercritical year in the history of the organization. The founding principles of the WTO trade liberalization that yields a rising tide that raises entirely ships and the fair and timely resolution of trade disputes hang in the balance as richer countries are indisposed(p) to proffer greater access to their markets in exchange for access to markets that may lack the capacity to fully reciprocate the benefits. In 2006, the question of whether truly free trade between rich and poor countries is til now possible, assuming countries act in their self interest, is perhaps more palpable than it has ever been before.As rank in the WTO increases, the effectiveness of the trade body in living up to its founding purposes will reach increasingly scrutinized. Nevertheless, the benefits of membership in the organization are clear for both rich and poor countries alike. bandage lowering trade barriers has been perceived as a greater benefit for poor countries, the ability of wealthier countries to effectively resolve disputes, with real teeth behind the adjudication of trade disagreements, has made membership desirable. The issues that subscribe to arisen in 2006 have made clear that the WTO is here to stay.The promise of the WTO for poor countries has been the ability to boost exports for manufactured and agricultural products, which fly the coop to be the main focus of production for less developed countries. Several years after blind drunk countries agreed to forge an international trade system in which less developed countries could thrive, little spirit has been achieved. Rich countries promised 41/2 years ago to make the global trade sys tem fairer for poor countries, changing rules to help them reap the rewards of

Instructional leadership and Curriculum Assignment

Instructional leadership and Curriculum - Assignment ExampleThe comparison holds true some(prenominal) for the student in the same school and in different schools. The implication of this fact may be lack of proper access to relevant resources by the poor students.The race of student also affects the course of instruction and schooling. There is an observation that the African-American and the Latin America students performs poorly than the Native American students. The white students technically shows higher comprehension of science subject, have a higher comprehension ability and are essentially brighter than both African and Latin America studentsThe social class is also major factor in schooling and curriculum. For instance, different teachers, specifically music teachers holds themselves in a higher social class than the opposite teacher. They view the subject as already standard and thus no need to further standardise it (Carnoy, Elmore, & Siskin, 2003).In comparison of th e Urban District Schools and other school, the urban schools have raised test haemorrhoid as compared to the other schools. The effect is increase in the number of school drop outs in such schools. The consequence of such is evident, for example, in New York and Texas. In order to contribute to the positive and upward effect of all students, the districts should embrace and fully comply with the standard based accountability policy that takes into consideration the probable of students from secondary schools (Porter, Polikoff & Smithson, 2009).Porter, A. C., Polikoff, M. S., & Smithson, J. (2009). Is there a de facto national intended curriculum? Evidence from state content standards. educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 31(3),

Hansen's Disease in Ancient DNA Samples Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hansens Disease in Ancient desoxyribonucleic acid Samples - Essay object lessonMycobacterium leprae, the etiological agent of leprosy was identified by G. H. A. Hansen in the 19th century and therefore leprosy is besides called as Hansens Disease (Alter et al., p.19). It is transmitted through mucous secretions of the diseased individual. The symptoms of the disease include hypopigmented lesions enlarged encircling(prenominal) nerves and skin anesthesia(Piris et al., p.125) Hansens disease, also known as leprosy, remains an important public wellness problem throughout the world. The causative microbe in Hansens disease is Mycobacterium leprae, an acid-fast organism that is concentrated to grow in vitro (Legendre et al., p.27). Hansens disease is one of the oldest diseases reported in the history. Holy Bible, both New Testaments and gray-haired Testaments, say many incidents related to the leprosy patients. As in the case of AIDS or HIV, it is difficult to reckon how leprosy evo lved in this world. Medical scientists ar currently analyzing ancient deoxyribonucleic acid samples to find out more expand about the origin of Hansens disease. Anuja et al (2011) pointed out that tissue changes in oral tissues do happen in some cases of leprosy and the causative organism Mycobacterium leprae can be demonstrated (Anuja et al., p. 31). ... DNA is the molecule that contains the genetic information needed for a living organism to develop and function. When an organism dies the DNA molecules start to degrade, rift up into shorter strands. These fragments are sections (?sequences?) of the original DNA and can be used in ancient DNA comparisons and identifications (Elderset al., p.2). Ancient DNA studies allowed us to regard organisms that went extinct more than ten thousand years ago, to furbish up their phenotypic traits and evolution (Grigorenko et al.). According to Mitchel et al., (2005), Ancient DNA contains information pertinent to numerous fields of study i ncluding evolution, population genetics, ecology, climatology, medicine, archeology, and behavior (Mitchel et al., p.265). However, it is extremely difficult to collect such DNAs because of the inability of it to survive longer periods. taking DNAs from archaeological human remains will help the medical science immensely in getting more details about leprosy. But, it is extremely difficult to detect DNA remnants in Human skeleton collected from countries in which hot and humid conditions exist. For example, it is difficult to collect suitable DNA samples from human skeletons found in Asian countries because of the comparatively hot climate exists in this part of the world. An total aspect of any ancient DNA (aDNA) work is to deal with inevitably aged and degraded specimens, near commonly bones or teeth. Despite countless samples being available, only a few are suitable for aDNA studies as little or no DNA has survived over time. In the attempt to drive on the identification of s amples with adequate DNA preservation, indirect measures of preservation have been

Poverty and pollution Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Poverty and befoulment - Case Study Example good implications of caperes polluting in a trey area untaught The world is ever concerned about the move of craft on the environment. A firm dealing with manufacturing operations must put into considerations how they operate. All business enterprises are not only responsible for ensuring sufficient ecological safety precautions, but are excessively liable for faults under their watch (Have & Henk, 2006). Doing business in a third world dry land requires a consideration that most nations do not have standards for environmental safety. In the current amicable and policy-making climate, firms associated with polluting the environment in third world countries may face severe consequences especially in the American media. Everyone hates being associated with dumping chemicals into a water source and thus a comp all should consider one and ethics in running its business. Business ventures have an obligation to avoid damaging the surr oundings in counsellings that affect human life in a negative way. In most cases, exocentric and anthropocentric interests overlap. For instance, water, air, and toxic waste pollution, release of fluorocarbons, and excessive carbon dioxide equally affect humans and environmental collections. When businesses are found guilty for polluting a certain environment in a third world nation, a number of corrective measures may be open to them. For example, they may be required to revivify a stream, which is a costly procedure, or they may compensate a community for living dependable a polluted stream. This may be less costly. Businesses polluting in a third word country should be automatically bound to environmental regulations required by the nations law. If companies fail to respond appropriately, they may seem uncaring and arrogant, which harms both their reputation and human life (Callan &Thomas, 2007). Reasons why a business may conduct operations in a third world country and disreg ard any standards of pollution control Operating a business in a third world country may mean that the poor citizens pay the price of pollution caused by the operations of the business. The health-impairing pollution be depend on the revenues relinquished from more injuries and deaths. The economic rationale behind polluting in a third world and ignoring the pollution control standards may be viewed by such companies as flawless. Another agent is that, pollution increases with disproportionate pollution costs. Everyone values a tidy environment when their incomes increase. If it equalisers with other needs, costs of pollution in developing countries fall. A business may disregard the pollution control measures to eliminate the restrictions that cherish the citizens of that country in order to increase protection for business interests. Standards of commerce for health, environmental, or other social welfare may be strictly challenged or limited. By ignoring the right to condition investment on certain pollution control standards like redlining neighborhoods, a country may damage the control or power that it had to a certain business behavior, and thus allowing it to continue with its operations no matter the consequences. after(prenominal) all, imposing public social and environmental costs like toxic dumping is a way for firms to boost their profits. Consumers, communities, and workers in a third world country lose short-term gains soar and hard ventures wins. Pollution is the price for increase Since environmental policies often involve trade-offs, there should be a balance between cots and profits. The greatest cause of depression in many countries is poverty. It is only by economic using that people can be lifted out of poverty. However, if economic growth signifies progress, then logical environmental policies are necessary for lasting economic growth, or at least environmental protection and progress are compatible. Environmental pollution can lim it economic growth and the health impacts of pollution in a nation

Lay investiture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Lay investiture - look for Paper ExampleKings had taken some duties and trappings entitled to priests while some priests and bishops governed as feudal lords. The church lacked the governing power because the pope did not have coercive power to implement ecclesiastical policies. As such, it was necessary to employ the laic arm that was willing to implement the will of papacy. The monarchies saw the peeled action of papacy as usurping their power and as a result, run afouls emerged (De-La-Noy 1993, 72). During the time when Norman rule was realized in England, there was a great need for change in the relationship between secular and church authorities. Gregorian reforms, which favored a central authority of Rome when dealing with local anaesthetic churches in Europe, were not fully accepted by Western Europes kings and monarchies. There was an increase in the effectiveness and scale of papal influence in local churches. At the homogeneous time, the powerful organization establ ished by Norman monarchy in England often opposed the influence and intervention of the pope in the affairs of local churches. As such, papal intervention and interference by the monarchy in the affairs of local churches led to investiture conflicts. ... After the death of William in 1100, Anselm returned to England after being invited by a fresh installed King Henry 1. Anselm supported Henrys rise to the throne against a protracted conflict with his brother, Robert. However, due to take to be for papal decree, Anselm declined to support Henrys demand to honor him and obey his commands. In addition, Anselm rejected to consecrate bishops that the king wanted. Henry did not want to quarrel with him while at the same time, he did not want to compromise the monarchys rights to homage and investiture (De-La-Noy 1993, 74). Despite mutual respect between Henry and Anselm, there was a direct conflict between them. Henry, who was not as lurid as his predecessor Rufus, was resolute. He sum moned Anselm and insisted that he pay homage by consecrating the bishop and priests that he had proposed, or he would leave the country. Anselm did not take any of the two options offered by Henry because he had deep judgment of conviction that he had to respect the pope, and it was his personal decision to either accept or decline the kings demands. The conflict compelled the two to send emissaries to Rome in order to negotiate ways of solving their conflict. pope Pascal II answered back by praising the kings faithfulness on the outlet but maintained his predecessors stand that forbade investiture and homage (Wilhelm 1990, 44). After a serial of negotiations conducted by the kings emissaries and the pope, there was some compromise in which Henry was allowed to invest in some bishop, but the 1102 letter by Pope Paschal II did not touch on homage but criticized investiture fervently. The Roman Council, which was attended by

Organisation and Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organisation and Behaviour - Essay Example collect to presence of such(prenominal) divergence in lead effectiveness in different organisational context, in the next section, the study will dig deep in the topic in order to pee meaningful insights. Task 2 2.1 Compare the Effectiveness of Different Leadership Styles in Different Organisations Armstrong (2009) and Yukl (2009) define leadership as the systematic or intuitive initiatives of softenicular individuals to inspire and motive other organizational members to hollow the direction of the particular individual which can help the entire team to achieve organizational objectives. On contrary, consideration of research work of Rees and French (2010) reveals the fact that leadership is personal characteristics of social or organizational members blended with certain skills such as charismatic personality, interactive and engaging communication styles, interpersonal skills, decision making capabilities during contingent period, sho wing empathy towards team members problems, team building approach and knowledge overlap capabilities. In such context, the study will compare the leadership style in British telecom as against leadership style in apple. ... In most of the occasions, organizational leaders in British Telecom use the transformational leadership styles in order to achieve the change objectives such as climb up the global IP platform which can work in effective manner, being number 1 in terms of customer services across 170 countries of operation and increase responsiveness end-to-end the value chain operation (Ukwon, 2008). In such context, leaders of British Telecom used transformational leadership style by involving the employees during contingent decision phases in order to deploy change initiatives such as, 1- follow out new internal trading model, 2- develop new organizational structure, 3- integrate a global business sector operation model, 4- implement faster re-engineering process, 5- ex tend worldwide 21CN IP platform and 6- develop knowledge communion collaborative culture within organization (Ukwon, 2008). As part of transformational leadership culture in British Telecom (BT), a team has been developed to measure Organisational Culture Index (OCI) while as part of transformational leadership in BT, sub-leadership styles like aggressive defensive, passive defensive and constructive were adopted by managers. In case of transformational leadership style in British Telecom (BT), leaders shown some common characteristics such as further team members to communicate with each other for knowledge sharing, delivering customer focused solutions, encouraging best practice, identifying strategic priorities (Ukwon, 2008). On contrary, in case of Apple which one of the largest Consumer electronics company in the world, the fantasy of leadership very person specific. Steve Jobs being considered as pioneer leader for the rise and growth of Apple Inc. For Apple,

Ethical Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

respectable Theories - Essay ExampleThe researcher will analyse this cuticle using importantist ( functional) and Deontological theories of business ethics too I would can a discussion over possible decisions that could be taken in the decrepit of arguments raised by proponents about the importance of these two good theories.The key stakeholders in the above mentioned case hotshot Alpha Medicines, a multinational pharmaceutical company headquartered in the UK and a leading supplier of insulin for diabetics, are the organisational customers, top management and employees, shareholders, government authorities of country X (southern-European country), industry analysts and governments of all nations where Star Alpha Medicines is operational other than country X. In addition, there are two main ethical issues as revealed in this case. The first issue is whether Star Alpha Medicines should withdraw its easy-to-use insulin pen injection intersection point from country X to avoid financial losses and put lives of diabetes patients at stake. The second main ethical issue is whether governments of other nations (other than southern-European country) would use 25% price cut as a basis for lay drug prices and force Star Alpha to reduce the prices in all nations as well to provide relief to customers.It is worthwhile to point out that useful theory is actually developed by Consequential school of thought. This theory, in fact, talks the consequences / outcomes of various solutions and alternatives developed by organisations, individuals, governtments etc. to resolve the ethical dilemmas and scenarios. For instance, Utilitarian principle endorses the idea of providing greater welfare to greatest number in society by conducting a cost benefit analysis. Consequentialists also use point system to analyse viability of different alternatives and to conclude which picking may lead to greatest good for society (Faculty Washington, n.d).As far as the implementation of Utilitarian ethical

Stat Essay Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stat Essay - Assignment exercisingMoreover, the constant service of process prison term for each of the guest is 2 minutes. in that locationfore, the maximum total time consumed by the customer in availing the service is 8 minutes. Therefore, it can be stated that customer waiting time in seconds will be 480seconds in average.Single-phase queuing establishment is a type of queuing system where at that place is a case-by-case server, which provides service to the customer entirely. There are two types of wiz phase queuing system. One is of single channel i.e. the presence of a single server for every customer in the waiting line. While, the early(a) is of multi channel i.e. the presence of multiple server, but each server is providing service to the customer. Single phase queuing system is usurp when a single server delivers all the desired requirement of the customer. This type of system is appropriate when at that place is no requirement of multi specialized service prov iders (Ozcan, 2009). For instance, this type of system is mostly seen when a soul goes to hair dressing saloon. A single service provider of the saloon provides the desired requirement of the customer at his/her own. This system is diagrammatically shown below.On the other hand, Multi-phase queuing system is a type of queuing system where there are multiple servers to provide service to the individual customers one after another i.e. in phases. There are two types of multi phase queuing system. One is the single channel, where the entire customers pass through a single set of servers. The other is the multi channel, where there is a presence of multiple sets of servers. Multi phase queuing system is appropriate when there is a requirement of multi specialized service providers. Here a specific task of the service is provided by a service provider or a group and the rest is performed by the different service providers at phases. Here each service provider is specialized at his/her w ork. This type of system is prominently

Murphy Brewery Ireland, Limited (case study) Case Study

potato Brewery Ireland, Limited ( ) - Case Study ExampleAs discussed in the case, Alcohol consumption was falling coz of change magnitude health concerns. white potato share was already less in the marketplace as compared to that of its competitor so the company should come up with a focused strategy rather than a general one. For e.g. is Ireland tater developed growth thorough exporting and making such packaging design that targeted the take-home market.another(prenominal) cause of the problem is that when we analyse potatos competitor, it can be noted that they grace a lot on denote. Guinness 12 million pounds investment in advertising called the Big Pint and all-inclusive billboard advertising that represented the strength of the brand was a big success for it. Similarly Murphys sales could improve if they spend more budget on advertising. They need to come up as a big brand in allege to establish a strong market share and to compete with Guinness and other leading brands. Murphy should work on the promotion of their brand. In order to sustain in the market they need to get big. They need to invest more in their advertising budget so that they can achieve a larger market share. The problem with this is that as they increase their market share they will also have to increase their capacity and will have to invest in that too.Another alternative to this is to remain a niche brand but that has its avouch pros and cons. Murphy has to see that if it is a premium brand then it should design its marketing mix according to that too. It is a good option as US consumers have high living standard and they represent a major market worldwide. At the same time they should consider that high end consumers have their own choices. So before becoming a premium brand a through market psychoanalysis should be carried out that identifies customer preferences and then a strategy shall be designed accordingly.The best occasion that Murphy to do will be to work on increa sing its market share. If they will not do it

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 4

Law - shew Examplecritically evaluate the impact of the decision by the House of Lords in sporting v White1 in relation to division of assets and financial provisions on divorce. In particular, this paper critically reviews the White decision and haves the extent to which the decision has actually culminated in a revolutionary change in the faithfulness relating to matrimonial property and financial provision on divorce. Moreover, I shall comparatively analyse the UK legal status with the approach in other jurisdictions where appropriate.From a family law perspective, the issue of rights to the family abode absorb continued to be problematic and decisions in ancillary relief proceedings were addressed by the House of Lords decision in White v White2. This decision changed the approach to assessing financial settlements on divorce and introduced the yardstick of equality doctrine as a means to ensure fairness in the division of assets between divorcing couples. Whilst heralded as a welcome decision in introducing some much needed clarity to the division of assets on divorce3, it has been argued that such an approach is inherently dogmatic in failing to specifically address the division of rights to the family home particularly where children are involved4.Although the reasoning in White v White specified that there was no presumption of equality on divorce, if the court intended to depart drastically from an equal splitting of assets they should have satisfactory justification for doing so. Furthermore, the governing legislative provision in this area of law is the Matrimonial Causes encounter 1973 (MCA) and section 25 of the MCA provides the court with a very wide discretion of factors to take into account on division of assets, with the welfare of a child being paramount5.As such, it is submitted that the overriding statutory requirement to consider the interests of the child inherently limits the application of White v White to cases where children a re not involved as the

Analysis of Salient Macroeconomic Parameters of India Assignment

Analysis of Salient Macroeconomic Parameters of India - Assignment ExampleIn PPP terms, it is quite intelligible from the above figures that the economy of India is growing at the average rate of 9 percent, which is certainly a obedient feat in the wake of liberalization and globalization process undertaken during the 1990s. The inflation rate has been growing steady since the year 2005. Rapid economic growth in India has brought the perils of high inflation rate which was estimated at 10.9 and 12 percent in the year 2009 and 2010 respectively however, in the year 2011 due to appropriate monetary insurance by the Central Bank, it has reduced to 6.8 percent. The high inflation rate in India is causing great retire to the people. (Inflation rate 2011)As per the report released by the Labor Ministry in October 2011, the unemployment rate in India was estimated at 9.4 percent during the fiscal 2010-11 which is certainly a matter of great concern. The government was confident of creat ing 58 million spare jobs by the end of 11the five-year-plan in 2012. Though India has been agrarian economy until the turn of this century in ultimately one decade things have changed drastically as a contribution from services in the countrys gross domestic product has reached to almost 59 percent by the year 2010. (The government 2012) In its report of May 3, 2011, the relief Bank (Central Bank) specified that the Global economy was in an uncertain state. Inflation was the nagging issue on the domestic front due to high food prices. The policy document clearly specified that the end of monetary policy was to nail the supply-side inflation. High inflation causes investment uncertainty. The policy document spelt unwrap the necessity to bring down the inflation even at the cost of growth. Accordingly, Central Bank revise the interest rates upwards and raised the repo rates. Even CRR was often revised to take the excess coin out of the market. That really helped to cool down th e economy and brought the inflation rate at a restrict level. Thus, Central Bank keeps a strong vigil to control inflation and unemployment rate through its trenchant monetary measures. (Monetary Policy Statement, 2011)

Fuzzy systems for diabetes - A literature review ( this specific area) Article

fogged systems for diabetes - A literature review ( this limited ara) - Article ExampleThe use of fuzzy logic for instance in the dramaturgy of medicine and bio engine room has proved to be extremely significant as a vital decision making tool. Fuzzy set and fuzzy logic have garnered considerable acceptance in the field of medicine repayable to its ability to interpret the vast information regarding medical findings and help in diagnosing diseases effectively with use of integrated approach comprising of a combination of eastern as well as Hesperian medicine. It affords the medical experts an opportunity to monitor the patient related data in real time, thus drastically enhancing the quality of patient care (Phuong and Kreinovich, 2001).Fuzzy logic and applications have been in use in the field of medicine since the early eighteenth century. Ever since its introduction it has been largely used for computer aided diagnostics and for intelligent patient monitoring. As the data regarding patients and other aspects of medicine continues to expand the use of computer assisted systems such as fuzzy logic and fuzzy methods are likely to be in mettlesome demand due to its unique capability to look and manage complex tasks effortlessly. Fuzzy logic systems and control applications are likely to provide the much needed assistance in a hospital establish setting which is characterized by complex tasks expected to be performed within a set deadline (Castillo et al., 2007).Knowledge seat A knowledge base refers to a repository / database of information which comprises of all the relevant data concepts and policies which are used to define the control rules for building a control system (Deb et al., 2011).Fuzzification scheme is responsible for purpose the range of input variables and assigning them to appropriate universes of discourses which are represented by linguistic labels. According to Manaf et al., (2011) Fuzzification

All Students Can Learn Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

All Students eject Learn - Essay ExampleBuilding relationships is a key aspect of effective knowledge, as fire (2000) considers that learning might not manifest itself in observable behavior until some time afterwards the educational program has taken channelize. Learning helps us move from novices to experts and allow us to gain bare-ass knowledge and abilities. Effective relationships help the instructor gain the students trust and therefore the students feel more cosy in being taught by that teacher. It also helps the students gain more repose and therefore make ups an effective learning environment in the classroom, which results in the ultimate benefit of the students.I believe student-learning abilities vary from student to student. The teacher would have to adopt her technique of teaching in order to maximize the productivity of his/her lecture. The teachers endure embrace an array of approaches in order to deal with the various kinds of learning levels of students in a class. The classroom interrogative approach to teaching enables teachers to contribute to the knowledge base of developing effective classroom practices for inclusive classrooms by engaging in development of man-to-man beliefs on student learning with their peers and participating in a team problem resolve approach to generate classroom action. When teachers work development of individual beliefs on student learningly to monitor and improve their classroom practices, this can have positive results and improve their performance. Collaborations and interactions between teachers and university researchers as well as school administrators should also be a part of the inquiry and problem solving process. When teachers generate the knowledge that informs their practice (Canter, 2004), they have more control and leadership in the classroom. Thus, they expand the educators repertory of instructional methods to accommodate greater student innovation. When teachers work is conducted in an environment where collaboration and the development of individual beliefs on student learning, they are less likely to feel isolated and overwhelmed by the challenges created by the diversity in inclusive classrooms.The teaching approaches by the teachers make the content meaningful and relevant to students. This is very all-important(a) as the teacher has to develop a mutually beneficial relationship with his/her student. However, the disadvantage of such actor of learning by students could be best explained in opposition to meaningful learning. Meaningful learning is a process of relating and anchoring new material to relevant established entities in cognitive structure. (Savin, 2006) This meaningful learning depends generally on the teachers. One of primary responsibilities of teachers is to help the students in meaningful learning. It is difficult for learning to take place in chaotic environments. The teacher can build these relationships by effectively communicating t heir goodwill and load-bearing(a) nature to the students so that they feel comfortable in understanding their teacher better. Subsequently, teachers are challenged daily to create and maintain a positive, productive classroom atmosphere conducive to learning. On any given day, this can be quite a challenge. In the

Quantitative research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

decimal research - Essay ExampleOn the other hand, the problem of the contract is that persistent give suck shortages, in addition to, the worry about the quality of current health care emphasize the vital subscribe to to employ and retain a cadre of expert nurses in the nations hospitals. The researchers carried out an across-the-board literature review on the literature that supports the problem of the study. In addition, the study has mainly utilise primary(a) sources, which provide evidence-based information for the investigation (Polit and Beck, 2008). However, the researcher used a number of information resources that are non up to date with some written 22 years before the time of the study. The researchers should stick out used latest literature, probably those published within 7 years or so. The literature review to a fault provides a state-of-the-art blending of evidence with regard to the research problem, and it provides a substantial foundation for this study. In the study, the researchers have include a number of concepts, which they have adequately defined conceptually. The researchers have alike included a conceptual framework, which is appropriate because it clearly defines the concepts of the study and the professional practice form that is suitable for the study. Although the researchers have not provided a conceptual map, it is justified because it could have served the purpose of the conceptual framework. The study included the spare-time activity a set of three questions, which are explicitly stated. The questions sought to find out the baseline direct of subcontract satisfaction by nurses in a pediatric hospital with a conventional, hierarchical nursing administrative structure before the realization of an innovative professional practice model. It also sought to severalize changes in job satisfaction that are associated with the execution of a fresh professional practice model whose emphasis is on participatory governance . The other question wanted to find out how the level of job satisfaction changes from the time of submitting the Magnet comprehension finishing to a year post submission in the chosen case. These questions are correctly worded with logical specification of the key variables and the study population. In addition, the questions are in tandem with the literature that the researchers reviewed and the conceptual framework that they provided. The researcher included a single hypothesis, which stated that the summons of transforming the model of nursing control to participatory from top-down in order to attain Magnet recognition might be hectic and would be related with decreases in nurses satisfaction at work. The hypothesis is also suitable for the study because it clearly specifies key variables and it is consistent with the conceptual framework and the literature review (Polit and Beck, 2008). The study was cross-sectional, and it examined job satisfaction in a private pediatric, 2 82-bed hospital. The researcher conducted the study before, during, and directly after the application for and achievement of a Magnet hospital position. It was during the time when nursing administrators, staff nurses, hospital nursing administrators, and nurse managers in cooperation developed a formal collective governance

Technology management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

applied science management - Essay ExampleFurther, it enables following the guidelines which insure productivity and improved services and manufacturing processes (Hoyle, 2009).Employees in dissimilar organizations need to strictly stick to the rules of ISO 9000. They should apply these rules while performing individual tasks. Each process essential be conducted in accordance with the road map defined by ISO 9000 body.Any manager or middle level manager who refuses to work on these principles must be shown provided awareness about its effectiveness, they must be warned that ISO governing body inspectors hold the right to take away the accreditation any time they impression the processes are not performed according to the specifications specified, and it can be done so by practically video display examples of industries and enterprises that have gained productivity and profit margins through its implementation. Large amount of organizations in the ambiance can be found who have implemented ISO 9000 standards in their organizations and have reaped the

Maria Montessori Language Arts Rationale Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Maria Montessori manner of speaking Arts Rationale - Essay ExampleA babe learns to listen by hearing the mixed unspoileds that the adults around him and also learns to speak by imitating the mingled sounds that the adults make around him.as Maria Montessori said in that location are three main areas where children are prepared for reading and writing. The first is physical skills where a child learns to balance victimization their hands and coordination of the hand and the eye works. The child also learns to concentrate and focus on the practical issues of life, recognizing sizes and shapes, working with paints, crayons, pencils and practice in talking. The second skill that a child learns is the mental skills where the child learns to absorb and how to use language and how to learn the sounds that each letter of the alphabet makes. This can be make easy by playing games to break up words into sounds (Montessori, 2010). The third skills are the social skills where multitude li ving in homes sit down and baffle conversations instead of watching the television or using the computer to learn language.A directress would know that a child is ready to learn a sound if they try to repeat what has been said to them by an adult around them. The child will also be making sounds on their own that they have heard before. Sounds are taught to children by repeating the sounds oer and over until the child is able to differentiate it from other sounds. In learning the different sounds, he child is taught the various sounds of the different letters of the alphabet. There are different rules for the letters and children are very receptive towards rules. Therefore, they are first taught the rules than the different sounds of the letters of the alphabet (Montessori, 1909). The child is taught the phonetic words first and once they have mastered the phonetic part of the alphabets, they are next taught the non-phonetic part of the language where there are no rules whatsoever. A child learns to blend sounds by learning the individual

Literary Essay Essay Example for Free

Literary Essay EssayNothing says adventure like runnel former(prenominal) from villains and getting shot at to start a career as a spy. though umpteen townspeople of Cumberland in Geoffrey Treases Cue for Treason think Peter Brownrigg is the surpass of the best, it is clear that non many an(prenominal) people inherit the qualities to become a good spy. Katherine Russel is an exception. Kit is courageous and incommunicative, and t presentfor is the best spy in Cumberland. To begin, courage is matchless Kits most striking char make be prevaricationveeristics. Although it is destinen throughout the book on many occasions, by a couple characters, it tells us that she is a brave person.One example of this was when the miners tried to head off the road so they could rob the two, but they failed. This happened because kit was able to be courageous affectively, at the proper(a) time. So she rode back. Heroine or idiot? I didnt know. Im flattered to know that, for the moment, she was thinking more(prenominal) of my fate (Trease 253) said Peter Brownrigg after Kit turned to save him. Katherine was able to get away on her horse when peter was unable to. Katherine was being very courageous risking her own life for that of her friends when set about with a dangerous situation.When Mr. Desmond fell into a river with his horse Katherine was one of the first people to jump in and save him. As peter said himself She swam like an otter, and I saw at once that I neednt fear for her anymore, than myself (90). Jumping into a river to save someone who is injured must be the biggest act of courage and bravery. Again she risks her life for that of someone elses and returns unscathed. She also risked revealing her closed book when she changed from her wet clothes.The final point would be when Kit manages to find out Mr.Armthwaite is actually a friend of Sir Philip Morten. Courage is shown here when she threatens him and jumps out of a window with Peter. If you touc h that bell cord said Kit youll get something that willing upset you still more (229). Mr. Armthwaite is left dumbfounded that she found this out. The courage is shown here when she finds it in herself to pick out her gun and start accusing Mr. Armthwaite of being on Cahoots with Sir Philip Morten. These are the parts of the book that show she is courageous which is as to why she is the best spy in Cumberland.Next, Kit shows how she is very secretive and preservative about her life and about how many things people know about her. The main secret she is charge from everyone is that she is a girl. She does not relize it but all the other child actors, at the time, were angry because she did not move in any of their games or activities that would show her true identity. Kit showed no special interest in me or anyone else, for he lived a strange aloof existence (75) said Peter when he was discovering and inquisitive who kit was Who was Kit Kirkstone? (74).This is an important par t of the book because it gives Peter an idea that he is actually a she. It also shows that she was able to keep her secret for that long already. Another good way she was being secretive was the way she never told anyone bout Sir Philip Morton or what he was going to do to her. This was shown when Kit spills the beans on her past life including the arranged marriage with Sir Philip I pity the man who marries you against your will (114) chuckled Shakespeare. The way the other characters answer when this is told is surprisingly believable (shocked and surprised).This is so because Sir Philip Morton is also the man chasing peter. Katherine was also able to keep this a secret till this part of the book. The Last point would be when Kit tells Mr. Desmond she is actually a boy. Mr. Desmond is one of the many people who believed this throughout most of the book. After giving Mr. Desmond a fake name, Katherine is allowed into the actors group after show some talent Kirkstone will pass si ghed Desmond. This is shows how good she is at lying.Kit had no choice to lie to Mr. Desmond because he would have not let her act if she found out she was a girl. Mr.Desmond would have institutionalize her on backstage with his wife Mrs. Desmond. Considering all the points that were shown throughout the book on Kits secrecy and true identity, its safe to say that she is the best spy in Cumberland. In conclusion, courageous and secretive are scarcely two of the many words to describe Katherine Russel, which shows she is the best spy in Cumberland. Through the acts and demonstrations given by Katherine Russel, it is obvious she should continue down the path that she has chosen, but when shown again, is the life of a spy an appropriate one? Appropriate for a twelve year old girl?

United States after World War II Essay Example for Free

United States after World war II EssayThe influence of the United States over political and economic affairs worldwide sapiently decreased after World state of war II. US officials found this psychologically difficult to accept, given their regions key role in the war. Jeffery E. Garten further elaborated on this sentiment Part of the Statess come outdated self-image is stock-still related to the memory of the Pax the Statesna, the era of omnipotence for the twenty years following World war IIThese were very special years in the American experience, to be fondly remembered, even cherished. But they were, looking back, a transition periodWe need to find a sort to put these years and what they represent behind us (Paarlberg, 1995). As far as Garten knew, the US clearly had difficulty in coming to terms with its changing position in the world. As a result, outward-looking inter countryalism dominated US policymaking after World war II. This trend was most visible in the post-World War II history of US relations with other countries. After World War II, US strange policy broke extraneous from its historical tradition of avoiding permanent diplomatic alliances.This departure had a watertight impact on American politics and saving (Paarlberg, 1995). The US Economy after World War II US outside(prenominal) policy naturalizedly espoused inward-looking diplomatic neutrality beyond the Western hemisphere and parts of the Pacific. In the 1930s, the US Congress passed three separate neutrality acts, which legally prohibited the US from taking sides in the soldiers or diplomatic disputes of europium or Asia. It was not until the Great low that protectionism was discredited through the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930.However, this law faced strong opposition from industrialists and political partisans. These parties believed that the domesticated market was large enough to accommodate certain amounts of trade protection and corporate parochialism ( Paarlberg, 1995). Unusual economical Supremacy Right after World War II, a period when rival economies in Europe were exhausted and destroyed, the US was enjoying a strong economy and was even strengthening its technological superiority. High issue demands during the war change magnitude the countrys Gross National Product (GNP) by 50% in real terms.By 1950, the US economy was 5 times larger than that of the Soviet Union and 10 times than that of Japan. In sharp contrast, World War II reduced Western European economies by 25% (Paarlberg, 1995). The US economic boom continued after the war through unilateral military and economic policy initiatives, such as the Truman Doctrine (March 12, 1947) and the Marshall Plan (July 12, 1947). These strategies allowed the US to dominate political reconstruction in both West Germany and Japan, as well as the establishment of American marine and air forces across the Atlantic and the Pacific.Allies and defeated adversaries alike were offered e conomic advantages such as grants, technical foul assistance, credits and market access without immediate repayment or demands for perfect reciprocity. The US dollar replaced lucky as an international key currency, allowing the US to dominate international financial institutions like the International monetary Fund World Bank (IMF-WB) (Paarlberg, 1995). The Ideology of the Cold War The US did not carry out these measures without any underlying economic or security motives.Perceived threats of Stalinism (and later Maoism) prompted the American governance to secure its political, economic and military influence overseas. The relative power of the US Congress was weakened in order to give the US President unprecedented peacetime authority over the deployment and use of both conventional and nuclear weapons, as well as unsupervised clout over the c comeestine operations foreign of the then-newly-established Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).Nations who were previously wartime alli es suddenly found themselves fighting one other simply because they were at the opposite ends of the Cold War ideological fence (Paarlberg, 1995). Communism versus Capitalism The consolidation of Power At the height of the Cold War, both the US and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) move to find foreign allies that will espouse their respective ideologies. Countries that were allied either with the US or the Soviet Union received generous political, economic and military aid.There were even leaders from these nations that rise to power through US or Soviet backing. The Cold War was not just an munition race but an ideological struggle as well. The Soviet Union. Beginning in 1945, governments across easterly Europe were characterized with peoples democracies or Soviet-type regimes that had a communist form of domestic disposal and whose foreign policies were dictated by the USSR. These peoples democracies isolated and destroyed opposing political factions, expropri ated large land holdings, instituted collective farming (except in Poland) and nationalized almost all industries.Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Albania and East Germany were eventually included into the Soviet Union. With the cooperation of these countries, the USSR founded the Communist Information Bureau (Cominform). However, Yugoslavia was expelled from the Cominform in 1948 due to Yugoslavian President Josip Broz Titos resistance against Soviet affray in his countrys affairs (MSN Encarta, 2008). The US The US countered by establishing right-wing monarchial and military dictatorships in Asia, Africa, Europe and Latin America starting from the 1960s.In Africa, it backed the oppressive regimes of Idi Amin in Uganda (1971), King Hassan II in Morocco (1961) and Mobutu Sese Seko in Zaire (1965). In Asia, US-engineered dictatorships included those of Ngo Dinh Diem in South Vietnam (1955), Park Chung Hee in South Korea (1961) and Pol Pot in Cambodia (1 975). In Latin America, fearfulo Pinochet of Chile (1973), Francois and Jean-Claude Duvalier of Haiti (1957 and 1971, respectively) and Nicaraguas Anastacio Somoza Garcia (1937) and Anastacio Somoza Debayle (1956).In Europe, the US sponsored the governments of Spains Francisco Franco (1939) and Greeces George Papadopoulos (1967) (Bernstein and Sydell, 1995). American Policies and Practices in International Relations (Late 1940s Mid-1950s) The US radically increased its demurrer spending from the late 1940s to the mid-1950s due to the Cold War and the spread of Communism in Korea, Eastern Europe and China during the said period. Companies, particularly those related with the justification industry, saw this as an prospect for immense profits.However, over-reliance of American enterprises on defense contracts resulted in the emergence of the military-industrial complex (MIC). The MIC, in turn, heavily influenced US foreign policy from the late 1940s to the mid-1950s (Schultz, 199 9). The Military-Industrial Complex (MIC) The increase in the federal governments military spending prompted enterprises to do business with the US Department of Defense. There were at least 40,000 defense contractors working for the federal government by the mid-1950s, providing services such as the manufacturing of uniforms, weapons and ammunition.Universities and technology-related firms were used as investigate and development departments, wherein new weapons and fighting strategies were created. By the 1970s, the US Department of Defense had surpassed the 75 largest corporations in America in terms of economic assets. This led to criticisms that the US was building a permanent war economy (Schultz, 1999). In order to sustain this war economy, the US government had no choice but relieve on waging wars with other countries. When the US economy underwent a recession in 1956, President Dwight Eisenhower responded by boosting the defense budget (Schultz, 1999).He likewise staged a number of armed conflicts with other nations. Hence, Eisenhowers administration was known for disputes such as clashes with Red China over Taiwan (1955) and the Berlin Crisis (1959) (MSN Encarta, 2008). Conclusion The US is still living under the illusion of Pax Americana a new world order wherein every nation on earth is subservient to American interests. As a result, it used Pax Americana to get away with imperialism and violating the rights of other nations to self-determination.The US must realize that if it is entitled to liberty and justice, the same holds true for other countries. trustworthy freedom and prosperity can never be attained through political and economic interference, as well as through military aggression.ReferencesBernstein, D. Sydell, L. Third World Traveler. (1995). Friendly Dictators. Retrieved August 31, 2008, from http//www. thirdworldtraveler. com/Dictators/Friendly_Dictators. html MSN Encarta. (2008). Dwight D. Eisenhower. Retrieved August 31, 2008, from http//encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761554032/Eisenhower.htmls1 MSN Encarta. (2008). Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Retrieved August 31, 2008, from http//encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761553017/ Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics. html Paarlberg, R. (1995). Leadership Abroad Begins at alkali US Foreign Economic Policy After the Cold War. Washington, D. C. Brooklings Institution Press. Schultz, S. K. University of Wisconsin System. (1999). The 1950s The Cold War and the Affluent Society. Retrieved August 31, 2008, from http//us. history. wisc. edu/hist102/lectures/lecture24. html

Plx Programming Book Essay Example for Free

Plx Programming Book EssayThe PLC has comment pedigrees where sensors are connected to dismiss upon events (e. g. temperature above/below a veritable level, liquid level reached, etc. ), and it has issue lines to signal some(prenominal) reaction to the incoming events (e. g. start an engine, open/close a valve, etc. ) The system is exploiter planmable. It uses a language called Relay incline or RLL (Relay Ladder logic). The name of this language implies the fact that the aver logical system of the earlier days, which was built from pass ons, is being simulated. editThe PLCs purpose in life The PLC is primarily used to control cable carry.A program is written for the PLC which turns on and off sidetracks based on input conditions and the intrinsic program. In this aspect, a PLC is similar to a computer. However, a PLC is designed to be programmed once, and run repeatedly as needed. In fact, a crafty programmer could use a PLC to control not only simple devices such (prenominal) as a garage door opener, but their whole house, including turning lights on and off at certain times, monitoring a custom built security system, etc. Most commonly, a PLC is found deep down of a mechanism in an industrial environment.A PLC can run an automatic machine for long time with little human intervention. They are designed to withstand virtually harsh environments a PLC will encounter. editHistory of PLCs When the inaugural electronic machine controls were designed, they used relays to control the machine logic (i. e. press Start to start the machine and press Stop to stop the machine). A basic machine might need a fence covered in relays to control all of its functions. There are a few limitations to this type of control. Relays fail. The clutches when the relay turns on/off. There is an entire wall of relays to design/wire/troubleshoot.A PLC overcomes these limitations, it is a machine controlled operation. editRecent developments PLCs are becoming more and more intelligent. In recent years PLCs have been integrated into electrical networks i. e. all the PLCs in an industrial environment have been plugged into a network which is usually hierarchically organized. The PLCs are then supervised by a control center. There exist many trademarked types of networks. One type which is widely known is SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition). editBasic Concepts editHow the PLC operatesThe PLC is a purpose-built machine control computer designed to read digital and analog inputs from various sensors, execute a user defined logic program, and write the resulting digital and analog output values to various output elements like hydraulic and pneumatic actuators, indication lamps, solenoid coils etc. editScan cycle Exact details vary between manufacturers, but most PLCs follow a glance over-cycle format. Overhead Overhead includes testing I/O module integrity, verifying the user program logic hasnt changed, that the computer itself h asnt locked up (via a watchdog timer), and any necessary communications.Communications whitethorn include traffic over the PLC programmer port, remote I/O racks, and other external devices such as HMIs (Human Machine Interfaces). Input scan A snapshot of the digital and analog values deport at the input cards is saved to an input memory table. Logic execution The user program is scanned element by element, then rung by rung until the end of the program, and resulting values written to an output memory table. Output scan Values from the resulting output memory table are written to the output modules. Once the output scan is complete the process repeats itself until the PLC is powered down.The time it consents to complete a scan cycle is, appropriately enough, the scan cycle time, and ranges from hundreds of milliseconds (on older PLCs, and/or PLCs with very complex programs) to only a few milliseconds on newer PLCs, and/or PLCs executing short, simple code. editBasic instructions B e aware that specific spoken communication and operational details vary widely between PLC manufacturers, and often implementation details evolve from generation to generation. Often the hardest part, especially for a beginning PLC programmer, is practicing the mental ju-jitsu necessary to keep the nomenclature straight from manufacturer to manufacturer.Positive Logic (most PLCs follow this convention) True = logic 1 = input energized. inconclusive = logic 0 = input NOT energized. Negative Logic True = logic 0 = input NOT energized False = logic 1 = input energized. Normally Open (XIC) eXamine If Closed. This instruction is veritable (logic 1) when the hardware input (or internal relay equivalent) is energized. Normally Closed (XIO) eXamine If Open. This instruction is square(a) (logic 1) when the hardware input (or internal relay equivalent) is NOT energized. Output Enable (OTE) OuTput Enable. This instruction mimics the action of a conventional relay coil.On Timer (TON) Ti mer ON. Generally, ON timers begin measure when the input (enable) line goes true, and fix if the enable line goes false before setpoint has been reached. If enabled until setpoint is reached then the timer output goes true, and remain true until the input (enable) line goes false. Off Timer (TOF) Timer OFF. Generally, OFF timers begin timing on a true-to-false transition, and continue timing as long as the preceding logic remains false. When the accumulated time equals setpoint the TOF output goes on, and stays on until the rung goes true.Retentive Timer (RTO) Retentive Timer On. This type of timer does NOT reset the accumulated time when the input condition goes false. Rather, it keeps the last accumulated time in memory, and (if/when the input goes true again) continues timing from that point. In the Allen-Bradley construction this instruction goes true once setpoint (preset) time has been reached, and stays true until a RES (RESet) instruction is made true to clear it. Latc hing Relays (OTL) OuTput Latch. (OTU) OuTput Unlatch. Generally, the unlatch operator takes precedence.That is, if the unlatch instruction is true then the relay output is false even though the latch instruction may similarly be true. In Allen-Bradley ladder logic (and others) latch and unlatch relays are separate operators. However, other ladder dialects prefer for a single operator modeled after RS (Reset-Set) flip-flop integrated circuit chip logic. scratch to Subroutine (JSR) Jump to SubRoutine For jumping from one rung to another the JSR (Jump to Subroutine) command is used. editWikibooks Links Programmable Logic editExternal links WikipediaProgrammable logic controller Ladder logic IEC 61131-3 PLC programming language standards SCADA Others Introductory PLC PLC Complete tutorial PLC tutorial site for beginners PLC simulator Management of your companys PLC Timeline of PLC History Basic PLC Online PLC Training Interview with Dick Morley (pdf) PLC Books Logic to Ladder Diag ram (pdf) Subjects Introductory PLC Programming Computer engineering What do you think of this page? Please take a moment to rate this page below. Your feedback is valuable and helps us improve our website.

Rebecca Walker Short Biography Essay Example for Free

Rebecca go-cart Short Biography analyzeRebecca go-cart is a writer, philanthropist, feminist, and mother. She is the daughter of Alice Walker, who was also a famous feminist and writer. Growing up with a mother who was an active radical feminist heavily influenced her ideologies, although she states in her autobiography that she disagrees with many of Alice Walkers more radical views. She has worked as a consultant on cultural diversity and gender roles for businesses the likes of Sony, Microsoft, and JP Morgan. Rebecca Walker was born November 17, 1969 in Jackson Mississippi to Alice Walker and her husband Mel Leventhal, and Jewish American Lawyer. Her parents split up when she was eight and she spent her childhood moving back and forth between her mothers home in San Francisco in a predominantly African American neighborhood and her Fathers home in New York in a Jewish neighborhood. While Walker was staying in San Francisco, she spent most of her time being looked after by relatives or neighbors because her mother was frequently away working in the feminist movework forcet. Walker had the drive and design to be able to receive an excellent education. She was able to receive an education at a backstage high school, the Urban School of San Francisco.She graduated from Yale University in 1992. In the same year, she helped found the Third stray Foundation, a womens leadership and activism organization. During her career as a writer, Walker has written in the subjects of gender roles, racism, sexism, politics, sexual orientation, and third wave feminism. In her autobiography Black, White, and Jewish Autobiography of a Shifting self-importance she speaks about her parents divorce and how her bisexuality, and her biracial and bicultural heritage has affected her life.Walker had also been a contributor to several(prenominal) magazines and other publications. In her book To Be Real Telling the Truth and Changing the Face of Feminism, Walker talks about her feminist views and c exclusively out her mothers generation of feminists for for denigrating men and encouraging women to seek independence whatever the cost to their families. (Walker 1995). Walker became an active member of the feminist operation in 1992 shortly after she graduated from Yale.She helped co found the Third Wave Foundation Walker speaks at universities and conferences about multiculturalism, equality, intergenerational cooperation, and thirdwave feminism. Walker says that the goal of third-wave feminism should not be to state women above men, as she said her mother believed should be done, but to seek true equality for all people. Her books explained that feminists also need to work towards equality for other people in need like victims of racial discrimination and those living in poverty. As an adult, Rebecca Walker became estranged from her mother.The two frequently disagreed over Rebeccas ideologies, which were not as radical as her mothers. In 2004, Rebecca a nd her partner Choyin Rangdrol, a Buddhist teacher, had their beginning son Tenzin when Rebecca was thirty five years old. In 2007, Walker published her book Baby erotic love Choosing Motherhood After a Lifetime of Ambivalence. Walker encourages feminists to pay attention to their age and not to throw out on the opportunity to be a mother and states the fact that she regrets waiting so long herself, as she is now unable to have second child.She argues against radical feminist ideas that motherhood is a burden to women and instead calls it a blessing. Walker has received many awards for her writing and for her activism work. She has received the Feminist of the year award, the Woman of Distinction award, and the Women Who Could be President award. Her autobiography Black, White, and Jewish Autobiography of a Shifting ego was given the Alex Award by the American Library Association.

Debut Albums and Dear Friends Essay Example for Free

Debut Albums and close Friends EssayHonorable Chief Guest of the day, distinguished guests for the occasion, teachers, parents and both my dear friends, this day 15th wondrous of every year is a golden day engraved in the history of the world. We got freedom on this date and it is a day worth a celebration. When we celebrate it hoisting the flag, playing our National Anthem with enthusiasm, distributing sweets, we postulate to sail back into the past to remember and pay homage to the builders of our nation. My dear friends, we were the privileged lot to puddle been natural in free India. We were able to breathe the fresh free air since our birth. If at all we want to know the pangs of agony of being slaves under a foreign rule, we must ask our elders born before 1947. It was indeed a Himalayan task for every Indian those days to fight against those flop giants the British rulers.We must not allow those hard times and struggles fade away from our memories. Hence it is be seem for us to celebrate such National festivals and recall those heroic deeds of our National heroes. We remember them today. aright from Mahatma Gandhi to the local patriotic leaders we owe our gratitude. When we regard those martyrs who laid their precious lives for our sake, we must not contract the common people who sacrificed their lot for the good cause. There were farmers, land lords, businessmen, teachers, writers, poets and students who helped the land achieve the long valued freedom.

Cherokee Removal Essay Example for Free

Cherokee remotion sampleIn the early nineteenth century, an infant America was increasing in population and expanding in the conspiracy until settlers were faced with the dilemma of the native Australian Americans. Anglo-Americans had two very distinct stances on how to deal with southern Indian tribes, particularly the Cherokee. One side was eager for land and developed the idea that Indians were both racially and culturally inferior and a hindrance to American progress, while on the other hand, some Americans believed that the Cherokee tribe was a sovereign, independent nation and that moral responsibility required the United States to protect them. Pro-remotion Americans rallied behind leaders much(prenominal) as, Andrew Jackson and William Cass. Jacksons patronizing attitude toward Native Americans was, based on his ideology that Native Americans were children in pack of guidance. Jackson in addition advocated that the removal policy was beneficial to the Indians. Cass believed the Native Americans were unsophisticated and sporty settlers were racially superior. In his essay, Removal of the Indians, Cass depicts, We doubt there is, upon the face of the globe, a more wretched race than the Cherokees, as puff up as the other southern tribes, present. The Cherokee Removal, pg. 117). Cass alluded to the underlying racism that piloted the furrow for expulsion of the Cherokee. Many white settlers concurred with the belief that Indians were racial inferior and therefore white settlers and Native Americans could non bed together. Cass also asseverate in the same essay A barbarous people, depending for subsistence upon the sanctity and precarious supplies furnished by the chase, cannot live in contact with a civilized community (The Cherokee Removal, pg. 116). Some Americans supported this because they deemed anything different than them as wrong. The pro-removal argument was justified thru the belief that race determined character.For some Anglo-Am ericans race made Native Americans menial and disposable. Americans against removal united behind the idea that the Native Americans were born on this land and should be left in peace. Jeremiah Evarts under the pen name, William Penn, in A Brief View of the Present Relations between the governance and People of the United States and the Indians within OurNational Limits, said, Those Indian tribes and nations, which have remained under their receive take in of organisation, upon their own soil, and have never submitted themselves to the government of the whites, have a perfect function to retain their original form of government, or to alter it, according to their own views of convenience and property(The Cherokee Removal, pg. 106). Evarts opposition to removal was based on the particular the Indians were born on the land and therefore it was rightfully theirs.He also pointed out, For one hundred and litre years, innumerable treaties were made between the English colonists and the Indians, upon the basis of the Indians being independent nations, and having a perfect right to their country and their form of government (The Cherokee Removal, pg. 106). Evarts argument was that white settlers legally could not disregard treaties made with Native Americans for hundreds of years. Some Anglo-Americans knew removal of the Cherokee was unconstitutional and to renege on agreements made throughout history was morally incompetent.Catherine Beecher also advocated against Indian removal, writing, Nor are we to think of these people only as naked and wandering savages. The various grades of judgment and refinement exist among them as among as (The Cherokee Removal, pg. 112). Beecher and other Americans opposed removal because they did not believe it was morally righteous to degrade Indians because of race, they considered them people too, and respected the differences in both race and culture.Evarts and Anglo-Americans against removal foresaw the inhumanity of remov al, Evarts stated, The removal of any nation of Indians from their country by force would be an instance of gross and cruel oppression. (The Cherokee Removal, pg. 107). two perspectives on Indian removal had a few commonalities. Some people such as rear Knox believed that, the central premise of which was that United States Indian policy should make expansion possible without detriment to the Indians (The Cherokee Removal pg. 10).The only consistent agreement however was that the white settlers culture and Native American cultures would never successfully co-inhabit. Americans realized that the differences in culture would only continue to cause problems. However the differences was some believed the Indians should be obligate west and others believed they should be left in peace. There was an agreement that the Cherokee were uncivilized and to some, even worse not Christian. Again there was another divide on the solution for the primitivism of the Cherokee. Some sought absorpt ion and of course, removal.In my final analysis, the Cherokee removal argument never reached a consensus, and like most political matters, was win by the most power hungry side. Due to a burgeoning population, racial bigotry, and the lack of centralized government enforcement of the 18th century the Cherokee were forced to leave their homes. The consequence was a forced tumultuous, cross-country walk, where they faced disease, hunger, and break now known as the Trail of Tears. Thousands died, and the removal of the Cherokee had permanent affects on them, as well as all Native Americans.

Founding Fathers of Psychology Essay Example for Free

Founding Fathers of psychological information EssayThese four men that we ar about to talk about are some of the, if non the most important people in psychology. One proveed psychology as a nurture of thought and published the starting time book on the subject which opened the door for another to set his theories. Years after the book came out another thinker was inspired to look into the human instinct and this time with a more scientifically critical mind and border on, at that place was a common fence people had problem, he just was not positive what. This lead two of his students to move on and virtuoso focus on the individual versus what the majority has a problem with and do sure that treatment cerebrate on them. The second looked more in depth into what naturally came into our subconscious and how that affected us and our development. These were the non-official foundation fathers of psychology. This man never even practiced medicine yet, after graduating fr om Harvard he went on to become an powerful person in psychology (Stone, 2000).In addition to many other things that William James did to help with the line of psychology, especially the psychological aspects of religion he also dabbled in the use of scientific methods to study the mostly untouched spiritual and psychic realm. He was also the first one to fight for psychology to be recognized as a science, everyone after him has him to thank for the distinction as a science (Croce, 2010). The way he fought was just a more unorthodox way of going about it, he did not even like to be called psychologist, in fact he preferred the term philosopher (Goodwin, 2008).He eventually developed a position that would become the foundation for the functional psychologists, this was known as pragmatism. This was found on the belief that a person had control over what they do and life throws those experiences. This lead to a book that would change the way people looked at psychology as somethi ng to teach seriously, the Principles of Psychology became the first text book type publication on this subject which led to people like Sigmund Freud and others to develop their theories as well.Freud is one of the most famous of them all, when anyone thinks of psychology that has not looking in depth into its business relationship will always think of Freud. Freud was not all the way people portray him either if something seemed to be too damaging for his forbearing it was stopped (Chessick, 2000). Psychoanalysis is hard on everyone on the spotlight because it turn over deep into what makes a person act the way they do. Freud was said to have a unique approach to his patients for his time frame.He realized that when a person learns something new or experiences something new it does indeed change something about that person, he also knew that the past had something do with it and that there were layers of consciousness to a person that has an answer as well. He made them a pa rt of their therapy and listened to what they wanted out of their therapy instead of dictating to them what they should do with themselves (Frank, 2008). He wanted his patients to be able to be free with themselves and learning their own hindrances that may keep them from doing something that they should be doing with themselves.He wanted them to be their own person and not held back by whatever has brought them to him. Freud himself focussed more on assigning a general reason for people to behave the way they did which is what influenced his students to complication out. Alfred Adler joined Freuds psychoanalytic movement in 1902, but he go forth the group in 1911 because of persistent variabilitys with Freudian theory (Overholser, 2010). This approach that Adler created was called the Individualistic approach this approach focuses solely on the patient and what experiences have shaped them over the course of their life.This is one of the most in depth ways to treat people, real izing the perceived flaw in Freuds theory he took a look at what made the individual unique and how that changed their human experience. This helps improve the one so that eventually that one will go out into society and become responsible for themselves and each other as good members of it. Adler continued to debate that Freud had made a point by looking back at ones childhood for answers but kind of than focusing on the sexual root to the problem, he focused on the feelings that came out of a situation (Lafountain, 2009).For example, if one grew up afraid to take charge of situations because someone else always did it for them, they could have trouble later(prenominal) in life trying to be in charge of themselves or other people. After analyze with Freud he went on to focus on how society affects an individual and how that individual functions in society. He believed there were leash things a person needed to accomplish in life to be a full-blooded kindly minded person. Fir st is the task of finding how to survive, a job, maintaining ones house, the responsible things. Second is cooperating and being obliging as well as respectful to society.Third are intimate relationships, having children, friends, a spouse. All three of these were crucial to being a normally functioning person in society (Lafountain, 2010). Basically a person is unique in nearly all aspects of their life and that needs to be taken into identify in each and every case from psychology to teaching because not everyone is going to fit together well. Carl Jung, as with Adler was inspired and influenced by Freud in the early years of his career and as with that came the eventual disagreement and him going his separate way.He redefined some of terms that we are more familiar with today. He gave us the terms introvert, extrovert, conscious, unconscious, incarnate unconscious, persona, archetype, and more importantly psyche. These were terms to simplify and classify different processes g oing on in the brain at any given moment, one of the other more important and slight verifiable is the theory of collective unconsciousness, this is the belief that collectively humans have a psychological fellowship that they can draw on that is inherent in our genetic make-up (Carter, 2011).This was closely followed by the archetypes which without collective unconscious as a theory would not be feasible, the archetypes are what those thoughts are made up of in the collective unconscious, something like innate nature that says we are inherently supposed to fear things that would do us harm. Studying this brings out what is instinctual in humans versus what is something that they are aware of doing, much like Freuds subconscious thought theory. Both agreed that there are things that are in humans that are unconscious and just happen and those needed to be studied and understood as well (Carter, 2010).Jungian followers believed that like Freud dreams had meaning but in Jungs school this allowed the person analyzing the dreams to free mate the meaning base off of their own knowledge of mythology and life versus what would be from the person who is being canvass own life. The thought was that collective unconscious would make the analyst come to the correct conclusion based on unconscious thoughts going back and forth between the two. These four individuals shaped psychology as what it is today, they both indirectly and directly influenced each other even when some of them never met and history has small-scale their accomplishments.James started it all with the mind of a philosopher who enjoyed the concreteness of what science proved but also the mystery of what it left open. Freud was a philosopher who thought more as a scientist and therefore opened the idea that the brain has undercover information in it that needed to be discovered to learn what makes a person themselves. This led Jung and Adler to take his ideals and expand on them where they agreed a nd where they disagreed. Without them psychology would not be where it is today and you can see teeny bits of what they contributed throughout its history. .ReferencesCarter, D. (2011). CARL JUNG IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY. Contemporary Review, 293(1703), 441. Chessick, R. D. (2000). Psychoanalysis at the Millennium. American Journal Of Psychotherapy, 54(3), 277. Croce, P. J. (2010). Reaching beyond Uncle William A century of William James in theory and in life. History Of Psychology, 13(4), 351-377. doi10. 1037/a0021106 Frank, G. (2008). A answer to The relevance of Sigmund Freud for the 21st century. . Psychoanalytic Psychology, 25(2), 375-379. doi10. 1037/0736-9735. 25. 2. 375 Goodwin, C. J. (2008).A History of Modern Psychology (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ Wiley. Lafountain, R. (2009). Alfred Adlers situate in the Field of Psychology. Washington, District of Columbia, US APA Division 1, Society for General Psychology. Overholser, J. C. (2010). Psychotherapy that strives to encoura ge social interestA simulated interview with Alfred Adler. Journal Of Psychotherapy Integration, 20(4), 347-363. doi10. 1037/a0022033 Stone, A. A. (2000). Images in psychiatry William James, 1842-1910. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(10), 1583-1583. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/220496188? accountid=35812.

Childhood disorders Essay Example for Free

puerility disorders EssayCHILDHOOD DISORDERSWhile children can wee similar mental health problems that larges have, like veneration or depression, childrens problems often have a different focus. Children may have difficulty with changes associated with growing up, much(prenominal) as beginning school. They may lag behind in comparison to how other(a)(a) children their age ar progressing, or during stressful times, they may behave like a younger child would do. Even when children do have problems that also appear in adults, the problem tends to look different in a child. For example, dying(p) children are often very concerned about their reboots and other family members. They may want to be dependable loved ones at all times to be sure that everyone is all right. This billet covers the following topics childhood Anxiety,Encopresis,Enuresis, andOppositional Behavior.Childhood AnxietyChildhood anxiety occurs when a child is overly anxious, experiences separation anxie ty, or avoids certain(a) situations, people, or places. Usual signs of childhood anxiety include excessive distress when separated from home or from family members, worry about losing a loved one, worry about being lost or kidnapped, fear of going to school or a carriage from home, difficulty sleeping away from home, and shadowmares. Physical complaints such as stomachaches and headaches are common when the child is anticipating being separated from parents or other family members, such as pass the weekend with grandparents.These symptoms sometimes develop after an upsetting event in the childs life, such as the demolition of a loved one or a pet, beginning or changing schools, moving, or being ill. Some evidence suggests that cognitive behavioral therapy is well(p) for treatment of childhood anxiety disorders. While other psychotherapies may be helpful for treatment of childhood anxiety, they have not been evaluated scientifically in the alike way as the treatment listed her e. The Anxiety Disorders of Association of America Anxiety Disorder in Children and Adolescents billet has specific information about how anxiety disorders appear in children thatmay be different from adult anxiety. EncopresisEncopresis is the inability to make bowel movements, resulting in defecation (bowel movement) in clothing, in the bed, or on the floor. Encopresis is diagnosed in children who are at least 4 years old, although frequently children younger than 4 also cannot control their bowels. Encopresis more commonly affects boys than girls. Some evidence suggests that behavior modification is beneficial for treatment of encopresis. While other psychotherapies may be helpful for treatment of encopresis, they have not been evaluated scientifically in the same way as the treatment listed here. The Childrens Medical Center at the University of Virginia (Kids Health) has an excellent website with more information about formula bowel habits and facts on encopresis.EnuresEnure s is, commonly known as bedwetting, is repeated urination during the day or night into bed or clothes. Enuresis is diagnosed in children who are at least 5 years old, although younger children often do have difficulty controlling urination. Behavioral treatment is well-established as a beneficial treatment for enuresis. Behavioral treatment usually involves the use of a urine alarm device and parent education. While other psychotherapies may be helpful for treatment of enuresis, they have not been evaluated scientifically in the same way as the treatment listed here. Click on the Fact Sheet on Bed-Wetting (PDF) for more facts on enuresis and some tips on helping your child with this problem. If you are interested in obtaining a urine alarm device, use your web browser to search forurine alarm device to find companies who look at these products on the internet.Oppositional BehaviorOppositional behavior includes things like losing ones temper, arguing with parents or teachers, refusi ng to follow rules, being mean or seeking revenge, deliberately annoying people, being angry and resentful, blaming others for ones own mistakes, and persistently being stubborn and nonvoluntary to compromise. Usually oppositional behavior occurs at home, but it may also occur at school or in the community. Oppositional behavior is common in both preschool children and in adolescents. Parent Management Training is well-established as a beneficial treatment for oppositional behavior inchildren.Parent Management Training involves helping parents fit new skills for dealing with oppositional and defiant behavior. While other psychotherapies may be helpful for treatment of oppositional behavior, they have not been evaluated scientifically in the same way as the treatment listed here. The Not My Kid site has links with information on oppositional behavior, parent guides, anger control tips, and support groups. PAGBASA ang pagbasa ay isang proseso o paraan ng pagkuha ng ideya, informasy on o kahulugan sa mga simbulong nakalimbag. ito ay nkktulong rin sa ating kaalaman upang lumawak ang ating isipan.Ano ang salik sa pagbasa at proseso ng pagbasa?Ang mga salik na nakakapekto sa pagbasa ng isang tao ay pisyolohikal, sikolohikal, pangkaisipan, pangkapaligiran, panlipunan at panlinggwistika.Ano ang salik sa pagbasa at proseso ng pagbasa?Ang mga salik na nakakapekto sa pagbasa ng isang tao ay pisyolohikal, sikolohikal, pangkaisipan, pangkapaligiran, panlipunan at panlinggwistika. Teorya ng pagbasa teorya ng pagbasa a. Teoryang Bottom-Up- Ito ay isang traditional na pagbasa. Ito ay bunga ng teoryang behaviorist na higit na nagbibigay pokus sa kapaligiran sa paglinang ng komprehension saang mga uri ng pagsulat ay ang mga sumusunod1. akademik2. teknikal3. jornalistik4. reperensyal5. propesyonal6. MalikhainMga Layunin sa PagsulatEkspresivTransaksyunal Isa itong impormal na paraan ng pagsulat. Gumagamit ito ng unang panauhan naako, ko, akin, at iba pa, sa pagsasalaysay. Saril i ng manunulat ang target nitong mambabasa. Naglalarawan ito ng personal na damdamin, saloobin, ideya at paniniwala. Nakapaloob din dito ang sariling karanasan ng manunulat at pala-palagay sa mga bagay-bagay na nangyayari sa paligid. Malya ang paraan ng pagsulat dito at walang sensura. Hindi gaanong mahalaga rito ang gramatika at pagbaybay ng ga salita bagkus mahalaga rito na mailabas kung ano ang talagang naiisip at nararamdaman ng isang tao. Halimbawa nito ay dyornal, talaarawan, personal na liham at pagtugan sa ilang isyu. Layunin nito na maipahayag ang sariling pananaw, kaisipan at damdamin sa pangyayari. Ito ay isang pormal na paraan ng pagsulat na may tiyak na target na mambabasa, tiyak na layunin at tiyak na paksa. Karaniwang ginagamit dito ang ikatlong panauhan na siya, sila, niya, nila, at iba pa sa paglalahad ng teksto Ibang tao ang target nitong mambabasa. Hindi ito masining o malikhaing pagsulat bagkus itoy naglalahad ng katotohanan na sumusuporta sa pangunahing ideya. N agbibigay ito ng interpretasyon sa panitikan, nagsusuri, nagbibigay ng impormasyon, nanghihikayat, nangangatwiran, nagtuturo o kayay nagbibigay ngensahe sa iba. Kontrolado ang paraan ng psagsulat dahil may pormat o istilo ng pagsulat na kailangang sundin. Halimbawa nito ay balita, artikulo, talambuhay, patalastas, liham sa pangangalakal, papel sa pananaliksik, ulat, rebyu, sanaysay na pampanitikan, sanaysay na naghihikayat, sanaysay na nangangatwiran, interbyu, editorial, dokumentaryo at iba pa.

Dangers of Plastic Bottles Essay Example for Free

Dangers of tensile Bottles EssayPlastic bottles are tremendously popular these days for their convenience and perceived purity, as portrayed by effective marketing strategies. still according to the Natural Resources Defense Council, consumers should not assume that bottled water is safe. Reusing plastic drink bottles is not recommended, as it increases the likelihood of impurities repayable to the introduction of bacteria and the potential leaching of plastic compounds into the water.Common Types of Plastic crapulence BottlesPolyethylene terephthalate or (PET plastics) are most commonly used for disposable plastic water bottles. High-density polyethylene, or HDPE ( no. 2) infrequency polyethylene, or LDPE (No. 4) and polypropylene (No. 5) are also used for drinking containers, though less frequently. PVC (No. 3) and styrene (No. 6) are sometimes used for food and beverage containers but are generally considered unsafe for this purpose. No. 7 plastics are a mix of differe nt plastics and generally contain bisphenol A (BPA), which is under much scrutiny for its potential health risks.Bacteria ConcernsAll plastic bottles, when reused, are subjected to high levels of bacteria due to take on with hands and mouths, creating moist conditions that encourage bacteria growth. Water bottles can be washed with warm sebaceous water and allowed to dry before being reused. But the process of washing and agitation has been shown to damage the social system of the bottle, causing release of chemical compoundsLeaching ConcernsPET and BPA plastics are the most common types of containers for water and other drinks. two PET plastics and BPA plastics have been shown to leach over time. PET plastics tend to leach when exposed to realistic though extreme conditions, such as exposure to sunlight, heat and storage time It has been shown that exposure to BPA can impede with reproductive development in animals. It has also been linked with cardiovascular disease and diab etes in humans.Safe Alternatives to Reusing Plastic BottlesStainless steel bottles are considered the safest alternative to plastic bottles. They are durable and do not leach. Aluminium bottles whitethorn also be considered. Glass is another safe alternative but less practical due to its breakable nature.

How did the Strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde appeal to the collective consciousness of Victorian Society Essay Example for Free

How did the Strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ingathering to the collective consciousness of Victorian Society EssayIn the Victorian Era some throng were indeed superstitious of various issues that were gradationified by class, for recitation, becoming drunk would not be considered as normal, or as proper, with people from the amphetamine classes whereas with people from lower or working class this would bring forth been deemed a standard activity and most plausibly occurred on a daily basis.In Robert Louis- Stevensons refreshful of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde just about every aspect to do with the fear of a typical speeding class Victorian is explored by the life of the unfortunate Doctor. The face of Hyde is described as a sad from every ones see to it and one of the memorable first sightings of Hyde, met by a distant cousin of Mr. Utterson, namely Mr. Enfield, claimed he gave me one look, so ugly that it brought out the sweat on me like running. Its a human reacti on on first sightings of someone never before seen to be very stereotypical, as was the case with many upper class Victorians. If someone from a lower class did not look ordinary than they would most likely be considered a criminal.As such, the reaction from the majority of accusers was as follows I had a loathing to my gentlemen at first sight. So had the childs family, which was that natural. If this was the case, than there was little the accused could do for himself, because the lower classes were never stipulation the benefit of the doubt when there was an important or rich family involved. I saw that Sawbones tress sick and white with the desire to kill him. Even the doctor had been so taken aback by the ferocity and ugliness of this so-called human, despite doctors professionalism not to be judgemental in times when their attention is needed. This only shows the type of opinions that Victorians held from a range of a backgrounds.This appealed to the Victorians in a sense t hat, by introducing the new practice of law force, they had succeeded with trying to bring in a law abiding country and ridding it of these criminal faces.In the too soon Victorian years, Charles Darwin produced a theory that claimed we had not been created by God and had instead evolved from nature. He omitted to mention which animal(prenominal) we had evolved from, but many ideas were developed. One such idea was the primitive ancestor reflected the troglodytic actions performed by Mr. Hyde at sure occasions. On one of these occasions Hyde murders Sir Danvers Carew. In killing Carew, Hyde clubbed him to the earth, similar to a caveman, along with ape-like fury, and eventually trampling his victim underfoot.This idea of Darwins had induced a new fear in the hearts of Victorian people, that they and others near them could, perchance, at any time, lose control of themselves or something akin to the actions of Hyde.A brief point could be made about alcohol. In the tale there ar e many references to the upper class doctors and lawyers for example Mr. Utterson, who drank alone and only in small amounts for fear of the alcohol giving him cause to lose himself. He could not be seen to embarrass himself, by drinking too much and losing his social standing. This would have rendered him unsatisfactory to his fellow gentry. This is very similar to the life of Dr. Jekyll as drinking too much would have pinch to the exposure of Hyde and his evil deeds.The way in which Victorian London has been described could have intimidated many into behaviour which avoided prejudice, at all costs, from across the classes. The two characters in the novel divided by favourable and evil both live in completely different conditions in London. As Hyde is a criminal and as he lives in the dismal quarter of Soho, with its muddy ways and slatternly passengers then it moldiness have caused some relief to the upper classes when they were supporting in clean conditions and considered t o be acceptable places to reside, in turn taking the criminal far away from them.This though, brought around the new danger of these criminals escaping from their filthy conditions and crawling around the streets and labyrinths of those thought to be safe therefore having access to their private lives and secrets. Also, Hydes flat is illustrated as soiled and disorganized, very similar to the life of a criminal, where they would have only a single night perhaps to lay at rest before they had to be on the move.Secrecy played an important rive in Victorian lives and Stephensons novel explores this. within there was another enclosure, like wise sealed and label upon the cover as Not to be opened until the death or disappearance of Dr. Henry Jekyll and entirely my drugs were in the cabinet a long journey down the two pairs of stairs, through the back passage, across the open courtyard and through the anatomical theatre. In the case of the letter, Jekyll would rather have his secre ts unveiled afterwards he has died. This is due to the good doctor trying to save himself from the embarrassment and mockery he would soak up had someone discovered what he got up to when he was alone.This was also a problem with many among the upper classes, as their many distractions in life, like alcohol, were not considered acceptable, so they would have had to be done in secret. In the second quote, it is a surprise to find a doctor with drugs and medicines hidden away in the most secluded part of this house. This links back to the same point of revealing his habits and what could happen to him, living in shame for the rest of his life. Intolerable to Victorians was shame. This relates back to many Victorians regarding their class as imperatively important, not something to lose in the agony of public humiliation, should their private activities be revealed in the public domain.

Family Law Answers to Problem Questions

Family fairness Answers to Problem QuestionsFamily LawIntroductionThe righteousness of part is governed down the stairs the Matrimonial Causes make 1973 where it provides the sole ground for disassociate, namely that the marriage among Jason and Sandra has broken drink down irretrievably.1 Nevertheless, in order to name irretriev qualified partition, Jason bequeath have to show that one of the basketball team facts listed in section 1(2) of the MCA 1973 has been established on proof (Richards v Richards)2. Meanwhile, it is nonably that the court in England and Wales is given a wide power in find the arrangement of squirtren between the Jason and Sandra. Since Jason and Sandra argon married, they both have enatic responsibility for Joyce and gobbler3. Their parent responsibilities will non be terminated even if the court all(a)ow fors them a parliamentary law of disjoin. By virtue of CA 1989, the focus is on the welfares of the churlren4 and thus the welfare chec klist set out in section 1(3) of CA 1989 will be taken into account by the court in deciding whether to grant share residence to Jason and Sandra and to limit Sandras connexion with Joyce and tomcat.Divorce between Jason and SandraSince the marriage between Jason and Sandra has lasted seven years, Jason is not re grimed by the absolute bar on the presenting of petition for dissever inwardly one year of marriage imposed by section 3(1) of the MCA 1973. Jason is chuck up the spongeed to petition for disjoint if he is able to establish one of the five facts set out in section 1(2) of the MCA 1973.Adultery and Intolerability section 1(2)(a)The prototypic possible fact that Jason would rely on is that if criminal conversation and intolerability contained in section 1(2)(a) of MCA 1973. In order to prosperous in this claim, Jason would have to show that Sandra has committed adultery and he finds it intolerable with her. In Dennis v Dennis5, adultery is defined as a voluntary act of sexual intercourse between Sandra and another psyche who is of the opposite sex. On the fact, Jasons brother saw Sandra and Craig having dinner at a local restaurant and then leaving the restaurant together late at night, holding hands and getting into the car. gibe to Sapsford v Sapsford6, It is unlikely that this incident is sufficient to constitute a ground of adultery as in that respect is no evidence of sexual intercourse between Sandra and Craig. However, following the case of Farnham v Farnham7, Jason would want to press a rebuttable presumption that Sandra has committed sexual intercourse with Craig by using the circumstantial evidence of argument and opportunity. However, it is unlikely this claim will be successful as the circumstances does not in any sense suggest that Sandra and Craig have indulged in sexual intercourse.Further, it must be famed that, adultery is a serious accusation to make and thus the courts have always insisted on strong evidence to allow such accusation.8 Even if adultery privy be established, Jason would have to show that he finds it intolerable to function with Sandra while the intolerability need not follow from Sandras adultery (Clearly v Clealy)9. According to Goodrich v Goodrich10, the intolerability demonstrate is to be accessed subjectively and thus Jason could rely on the fact that he sessnot cope with Sandras more and more volatile behaviour and claims that it is intolerable to live with Sandra.Unreasonable Behaviour section 1(2)(b)A more graphic option for Jason is section 1(2)(b) of MCA 1973, where it provides that Jason can rely on the ground of inconclusive behaviour if he can establish that Sandras behaviour is such that it is unreasonable for him to continue living with her. According to Livingstone- Stallard11, the focus is not on the gravity of the behaviour per se but on its impact on Jason. Following ONeill v ONeill12, the test under s.1(2) is to be accessed both objectively and subjectiv ely, the objective aspect concerns whether Jason is fair expect to stay with Sandra , while the subjective part takes into account the personalities of Jason and Sandra. Since we are told that Sandras behaviour becomes increasingly volatile, the chance that Jason will succeed in this claim would increase.It is likely that Sandras unreasonable behaviour can be established, it is then necessary to look at the character of Jason and Sandra and decide whether they can be expected to stay together reasonably (ash tree v Ash)13. It can be pointed out that Sandra is having an adulterous family with Craig and this it superpower not be reasonable to expect Jason to live with her. At this point, it is arguable that the court will grant a decree of divorce on the ground of s.1(2)(b) based on Sandras behaviour that makes Jason cannot be reasonably expected to stay with her.Arrangements in relation with Joyce and TomBy virtue of section 2(1) of CA 1989, both Jason and Sandra owe parent respon sibilities toward Joyce and Tom. such responsibility is defined in section 3(1) as all rights, duties, powers and responsibilities and authority which by law a parent of a child has in relation to the child and its property. This right continue even after Jason and Sandra divorce. Nevertheless, under section 1(5) if CA 1989, Jason and Sandra are ask to file a statement of arrangements for the children, detailing the measures that have been resolved between them and also the unresolved issues.On the facts, there are two issues to be considered in regards with Joyce and Tom who should the children stay with and the extent of Sandras touch sensation with the children. In regards with these unresolved issues, the court is able to make the child arrangements order under section 12 of the Children and Families Act 2014 which replaces the orders previously knowns as residence orders and contact orders contained in section 8 of Children Act 1989. The heighten of terminology supposed to move away from emphasis of resident and non-resident parent and shift the focus onto the childrens welfare14. In the other words, the court will take into account the welfare checklist set out in section 1(3) of the CA 1989.The Welfare checklist includes the ascertainable wishes feelings of Joyce and Tom their physical, emotional and educational needs the likely heart on Joyce and Tom in their circumstances Joyce and Toms ages, sex, backgrounds and other relevant characteristics any disparage which they have suffered or are at risk of suffering and how capable Jason and Sandra and Craig are meeting Joyce and Toms needs.We are told that Joyce is five years old and Tom is at an age of three. They are save young and might not be able to express their true wishes and feelings with regards to the issue of residence and contact and thus it is unlikely that the court will give weight to their wishes (Stewart v Stewart)15. In regards with their needs, even though there no presumption tha t a childs emotional and physical needs are trump out met by the mother, the case law has showed a preference for keeping young children with their mother Re S (a minor) (Custody)16. However, in Re H (A Minor)17, it was held that the time has changed and that many fathers were as capable as mother of expression after small children and this may lead to a decision that in favour of Jason. Further, the facts that Sandra is under falloff and her plan to move in with Craig, who is also has anger management issues will be taken into reflexion under section 1(3)(e) by the court. Lastly, the capabilities of Jason and Sandra in meeting Joyce and Toms needs will be considered as well. Here, it is likely that Jason would have a good chance of obtaining a residence order as the facts that Sandra and Craig is starting a new relationship and there is no evidence that Craig seems to fit the stereotype of the substitute father.However, even if the court grants a residence order in favour of J ason, the parental responsibility of Sandra towards Joyce and Tom will not be terminated. According to Re R (A Minor)(Contact), Sandra will be granted a generous contact with Joyce and Tom because the court is on the view that it is a right of a child to have a relationship with both parents wherever possible.18 The fact that both Sandra and Craig are under anger management course will deny Jasons claim that Sandra has a mental context that makes her inappropriate to be in contact with Joyce and Tom.(1500 words)Part 2IntroductionIn 1956, the concept of no- rift divorce was first put forward by the Morton Commission in their report on the basis that the divorce law prior to that date has encouraged acrimony between the parties.19 Such approach was taken by a series of Law Commission reports and led to the Introduction of Divorce Act 1969, which was later consolidated to the legal provision in use today, namely the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973. Section 1(1) of MCA 1973 provides that i rretrievable breakdown of marriage is the only ground for divorce and this can only be established if one of the five facts listed in section 1(2) of the MCA 1973. There are two no fault facts that can be relied to establish divorce, namely the two years separation with the respondents consent to the divorce section 1(2)(d) and the five years separation section 1(2)(e). However, the facts that the number of petition under these no-fault facts are much lesser than the fault facts of adultery section 1(2)(a) and unreasonable behaviour section 1(2)(b) raises a question that whether the law of divorce in England and Wales can really be draw as one of no-fault? This essay will argue that identifying who is at fault is still very much a feature of the divorce system in Wales and such element can be prove conclusive in determining issues such as division of financial assets, child contact and residence. Such approach was also put forward by John Eekelaar that the law that the current l aw of divorce is deeply corrupting by the law itself as the individualistics are prevented from accessing to their legal rights conferred on them by law.20 screening of no-fault divorceIn order to obtain a speedy divorce, it is more likely that the parties to a relationship would be more willing to rely on fault- based divorce. The courts have taken a strict approach in allowing a non-fault divorce and the degree of separation does not limit to the normal flavour of physical contact but it also involves mental element. For instance, in Mouncer v Mouncer, regardless the facts that the parties were slept in divide bedrooms, it was held that they were living apart as they continued to spend time with their children together.21 At this point, it can be conclude that the law has failed to provide an effective method of no-fault divorce and this forces the party to a relationship to initiate a divorce claim by alleging fault on the part of the other party.In the other words, the law h as failed to fulfil its original objective that to enable the parties of a marriage to end their relationship with minimum acerbity and hostility. Fault remains as an important exists that dominate the law of divorce in England and Wales today. Despite its decisive role in establishing a ground for divorce, the courts have also emphasised fault of the parties in determining the consequences of a relationship breakdown.Division of financial assets and Child contact and residenceAccording to Thorpe J in Dart v Dart, the court are given wide discretion to make orders which suits the needs of individual cases, albeit guided by the various factors set out in the statutory framework. With regards to the financial scattering on marriage breakdown, section 25(1) of the MCA 1973 required the court to take into account to all circumstance of the case, whereby section 25(2)(g) provides that the transport of the parties is one of the factors that should be considered. Even though, it is argu ably that the introduction of no-fault divorce by MCA 1973 reduced the significance of fault in determining the distribution of property, but by reviewing the case law, the outcome of the reform is somehow disappointing. In K v K, the court held that the husband was not entitled to his wifes assets due to the facts that he had sexually abused his wifes grandchildren.22 Also, in H v H (Financial Relief move Murder as conduct), the wife was given a greater priority in the financial distribution because the husband had attacker her with knives and was convicted of attempted murder.23 It is apparent that the fact that a spouse has behaved very badly will inevitably affect his or her entitlement to a greater priority in the financial distribution, and this encourages further fretfulness between the parties. As a result, section 25(2)(g) was highly criticised as it undermines the aim of the law to remove motivator to make allegations of fault in order to divorce peacefully.On the other hand, it must be noted that, by virtue of section 2(1) of Children Act 1989, the parental responsibility of the parties remains even after divorce. In determining the issue in relation to child contact and residence, the welfare checklist set out in section 1(3) of CA 1989 plays a prominent role in the decision making. Within the checklist, there is no reference to the fault element at the part of the parents, but the courts are tend to grant the relevant order in favour of the innocent parent with the conception that it will be the childrens best interest not to stay or even in contact with the fault parent, particularly in the cases of domestic violence.ConclusionIn conclusion, it is undeniably that the approach to divorce in England and Wales cannot be described as one of no-fault as the fault element is still playing a prominent role in relation with the issues of divorce and its consequences. Nevertheless, we are not arguing a reform towards a purely no-fault divorce because, as according to Deech, this will give too much freedom to the individual and give them a wrongful thought that divorce something can be obtained easily.24 Instead, we are saying that the system of divorce should be balanced between a mixed mechanism with both fault and no-fault ground for divorce25 but not letting the fault feature dominate the whole system alone.(1041 words)BibliographyTable of CasesAsh v Ash 1972 1 exclusively ER 582Clearly v Clealy 1974 1 All ER 498Dennis v Dennis 1955 P 153Farnham v Farnham 1925 133 LT 320Goodrich v Goodrich 1971 2 All ER 1340H (A Minor), Re (1980) 2 FLR 253H v H (Financial Relief Attempted Murder as conduct) 2006 1 FLR 990K v K 2010 EWCA Civ cxxvLivingstone- Stallard v Livingstone- Stallard 1974 Fam 47Mouncer v Mouncer 1972 115 SJ 327ONeill v ONeill 1975 1 WLR 1118R (A Minor)(Contact), Re 1993 2 FLR 762Richards v Richards 1972 WLR 1073S (a minor) (Custody), Re 1991 2 FLR 388Sapsford v Sapsford 1954 P 394Serio v Serio (1983) 4 FLR 756Stewart v Stewart 1973 1 Fam 107Table of LegislationChildren Act 1989, s.1Children Act 1989, s.2Children Act 1989, s.3Children Act 1989, s.8Children and Families Act 2014, s.12Matrimonial Causes Act 1973, s. 1Matrimonial Causes Act 1973, s. 3Matrimonial Causes Act 1973, s. 25Secondary SourcesBooksGilmore S and Glennon L, convert and Williams Family Law (4th edn, OUP 2014)ArticlesDeech R, Divorce- A Disaster? 2009 FLR 1048Eekelaar J, Family Law- keeping us On Message 1999 CFLQ 387Law Commission, Family Law The found for Divorce (Law Com No 192)1 Matrimonial Causes Act, s.1(1).2 1972 WLR 1073.3 Children Act 1989, s.2(1).4 Ibid, s.1.5 1955 P 153.6 1954 P 394.7 1925 133 LT 320.8 Serio v Serio (1983) 4 FLR 756.9 1974 1 All ER 498.10 1971 2 All ER 1340.11 1974 Fam 47.12 1975 1 WLR 1118.13 1972 1 All ER 582.14 Children Act 1989, s.1(1).15 1973 1 Fam 107.16 1991 2 FLR 388.17 (1980) 2 FLR 253.18 1993 2 FLR 762, Butler- Sloss LJ.19 Royal Commission on Marriage and Divorce (Cmd 9878, 1956).20 John Ee kelaar, Family Law- Keeping us On Message 1999 CFLQ 387.21 1972 115 SJ 327.22 2010 EWCA Civ 125.23 2006 1 FLR 990.24 Ruth Deech, Divorce- A Disaster? 2009 FLR 1048.25 Law Commission, Family Law The Ground for Divorce (Law Com No 192).